What Is the Rydberg Formula and How Does It Work

The Rydberg formula is a mathematical formula used to predict the wavelength of light resulting from an electron moving between energy levels of an atom. When an electron changes from one atomic orbital to another, the electrons energy changes. When the electron changes from an orbital with high energy to a lower energy state, a ​photon of light is created. When the electron moves from low energy to a higher energy state, a photon of light is absorbed by the atom. Each element has a distinct spectral fingerprint. When an elements gaseous state is heated, it will give off light. When this light is passed through a prism or diffraction grating, bright lines of different colors can be distinguished. Each element is slightly different from other elements. This discovery was the beginning of the study of spectroscopy. Rydbergs Equation Johannes Rydberg was a Swedish physicist who attempted to find a mathematical relationship between one spectral line and the next of certain elements. He eventually discovered there was an integer relationship between the wavenumbers of successive lines. His findings were combined with Bohrs model of the atom to create this formula: 1/ÃŽ » RZ2(1/n12 - 1/n22) where ÃŽ » is the wavelength of the photon (wavenumber 1/wavelength)R Rydbergs constant (1.0973731568539(55) x 107 m-1)Z atomic number of the atomn1 and n2 are integers where n2 n1. It was later found that n2 and n1 were related to the principal quantum number or energy quantum number. This formula works very well for transitions between energy levels of a hydrogen atom with only one electron. For atoms with multiple electrons, this formula begins to break down and give incorrect results. The reason for the inaccuracy is that the amount of screening for inner electrons for outer electron transitions varies. The equation is too simplistic to compensate for the differences. The Rydberg formula may be applied to hydrogen to obtain its spectral lines. Setting n1 to 1 and running n2 from 2 to infinity yields the Lyman series. Other spectral series may also be determined: n1 n2 Converges Toward Name 1 2 → ∞ 91.13 nm (ultraviolet) Lyman series 2 3 → ∞ 364.51 nm (visible light) Balmer series 3 4 → ∞ 820.14 nm (infrared) Paschen series 4 5 → ∞ 1458.03 nm (far infrared) Brackett series 5 6 → ∞ 2278.17 nm (far infrared) Pfund series 6 7 → ∞ 3280.56 nm (far infrared Humphreys series For most problems, youll deal with hydrogen so you can use the formula: 1/ÃŽ » RH(1/n12 - 1/n22) where RH is Rydbergs constant, since the Z of hydrogen is 1. Rydberg Formula Worked Example Problem Find the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation that is emitted from an electron relaxes from n 3 to n 1. To solve the problem, start with the Rydberg equation: 1/ÃŽ » R(1/n12 - 1/n22) Now plug in the values, where n1 is 1 and n2 is 3. Use 1.9074 x 107 m-1 for Rydbergs constant: 1/ÃŽ » (1.0974 x 107)(1/12 - 1/32)1/ÃŽ » (1.0974 x 107)(1 - 1/9)1/ÃŽ » 9754666.67 m-11 (9754666.67 m-1)ÃŽ »1 / 9754666.67 m-1 ÃŽ »ÃŽ » 1.025 x 10-7 m Note the formula gives a wavelength in meters using this value for Rydbergs constant. Youll often be asked to provide an answer in nanometers or Angstroms.

Starbucks Project Proposal - 1961 Words

------------------------------------------------- PROJECT PROPOSAL Prepared for: Joanne Noonan Prepared by: mahannad almahwes, abdulaziz alktheri Date: 17/11/11 ------------------------------------------------- Proposal #: Introduction The Starbucks Company does not need any introduction; the sweet smell of hot coffee touches your nostrils as soon as the name of Startbucks is mentioned. In order to give a magnificent boost to this world acclaimed brand, the proposal of the vending machines has been designed. The following assessment encompasses all the marketing strategies including 4p’s and the SWOT analysis by highlighting the significance and efficiency of the vending machines to promote the sale and growth of Starbucks†¦show more content†¦The customers have blind faith in the quality of the product that is the biggest plus point in the field of marketing. Supreme quality coupled with splendid service can boost the sale of the product to new heights. Customers’ feedback on daily basis to check their priorities can also be a very strong strategy for the raise of sale. Vending machines are also least vulnerable to the threat of hacking. Though, over the years, criminal elements have tried several ways to hack the machines but no major disaster has ever been reported. Vending machines have been updated as per the requirement of the machine purchasers. Weaknesses The biggest hindrance in the promotion of the idea can be the lack of storage space for food product as well as for machines. It is not possible to overcome this issue in the beginning; the expansion of the above mentioned areas is possible with time. Some health conscious people have reservations against using the products delivered from the vending machines; they suspect the freshness and hygienic conditions of the product. However, with the advent of latest technology every gadget has turned into a luxurious delicacy. The vending machines offer services with some interesting features, some of them are as follow: * No cleaning up, no mess, one cup at a time * Drinks ready in 40-60 seconds * Available 24/7 Opportunities Availability of the wide range of variety is the pride of Starbucks Company whichShow MoreRelatedA Report On The Starbucks1545 Words   |  7 PagesReport on students’ opinions of a proposal to convert a Family Mart to Starbucks 1.Introduction 1.1 Brief overview of the proposal: This report is focus on finding out the opinions of underground students in XJTLU to the proposal for the Starbucks in Wen Xing Plaza (see figure 1). The original site is located in the west of Wen Xing Plaza nearing A01 and A02 students dormitory area, hence that is convert for students’ daily life. 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A brief profile of Starbucks is shown and compared with our company. The illustrations and tables are tailored to what Chatime should be aware of the surroundings of every potential rival in Malaysia. This proposal is about our analysis on Starbucks discussing about the three strategies the market leader used in the beverage industry. We observed Starbucks’ accomplishments andRead MoreChatimes Competitor in Malaysia5851 Words   |  24 Pagessuggested in the previous proposal. With this, Chatime seeks to investigate and study about its main competitor – Starbucks. A brief profile of Starbucks is shown and compared with our company. The illustrations and tables are tailored to what Chatime should be aware of the surroundings of every potential rival in Malaysia. This proposal is about our analysis on Starbucks discussing about the three strategies the market leader used in the beverage industry. 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Great Expectations Book Report free essay sample

Expectations by Charles Dickens Great Expectations is a bildungsroman, or a coming-of-age novel, published by Chapman amp; Hall in 1861, the story it’s set among the Marshes of Kent in London in the early-to-mid 1800s. This is the story about Pip, an orphan boy who lives with his sister who is married the blacksmith, the story follows the life of this boy, from his awakening to life. The main characters are Pip, Mrs. Joe, Joe Gargery, Miss Havisham, Estella, Abel Magwitch. , Mr. Jaggers, Herbert Pocket, Biddy and Bentley Drummle. Pip, is the main character and is the narrator of the story, Pip is a young orphan boy who is being raised by his sister and her husband. Pip is very passionate and a dreaming person with a huge heart and he has a lot of expectations in life. Mrs. Joe is Pip’s sister which is a overbearing figure to Pip, she is very ambitious and her wish is to be something more that the wife of the village blacksmith. She doesn’t love Pip. Joe Gargery is the husband of Pip’s sister, and he is the village blacksmith, he really loves Pip and he take care about him, he is very calm, quiet and kind, he really suffered when Pip treated him so bad. Miss Havisham, a rich old lady who lives in a castle-mansion known as Satis House, Miss Havisham is a bitter woman who was jilted at the altar on her wedding day, long ago. She stills using her wedding dress and the rotting wedding cake remains on the dinner table. She raises Estella to be the tool of her revenge, training her beautiful ward to break men’s hearts. Estella, is the beautiful Miss Havisham’s adopted child, she is the crush of Pip, he loves her even that she was very cold, cruel, and uninterested in him. She always told him that she has no heart. Abel Magwitch, is a convict who escapes from prison at the beginning of the story and terrorizes Pip in the cemetery. however, the kindness of Pip makes a deep impression on him, and because of this he decided to give all his money to Pip and he becomes in Pip’s secret benefactor, funding Pip’s education in London through the lawyer Jaggers. Mr. Jaggers is the powerful lawyer hired by Magwitch to be Pips caretaker. He is one of the most important criminal lawyers in London. Herbert Pocket is the son of Matthew Pocket, Herbert becomes Pip’s best friend and he helped Pip to get to the status of gentleman. He hopes to become a merchant so that he can afford to marry Clara Barley. Biddy, a kindhearted girl, Biddy befriends Pip when they attend school together. When Mrs. Joe becomes an invalid she moves into Pip’s home to care of her. This girl represents the opposite of Estella; she is plain, kind, moral, and of Pip’s own social class. Bentley Drummle, an unpleasant young man who attends tutoring sessions with Pip at the Pockets’ house, Drummle is a minor member of the nobility, and this makes him feel justified in acting cruelly toward everyone around him. The story begins on Christmas Eve when Pip meets an escaped prisoner who threatens him to bring him food and a file to break the shackles of his legs, and Pip had no choice but to help. The next day, on Christmas, the prisoner was captured and returned to the prison ship known as The Hulks. The prisoner never reveals that he was helped by Pip. Soon after Pip is sent to the home of Miss Havisham, where he met Estella, who is Miss Havisham’s adopted child is very pretty and Pip instantly falls for her. But Estela is cold and distant and she doesn’t really talk to Pip Then, Miss Havisham decides that Pip has to start following the profession of blacksmith, as his brother-in-law Joe, and Pip begins an apprenticeship at Joe’s smithy. But, however, Pip is ashamed of his work and family, and his greatest wish is to become into a gentleman in order to be worthy of the love of Estella. One day Pip receives a visit from Mr. Jaggers, who informs him that an anonymous benefactor has left him a huge sum of money and that he has to move to London, where he will be raised to be a gentleman. Mr. Jagger is going to be Pip’s caretaker. After this, Pip is convinced that his benefactor is Miss Havisham, and believes that he is being trained to be the future husband of Estella. In London, Pip is raised by Mr. Mathew Pocket and makes a great friendship with his son Herbert. While Pip was in London his sister dies and he has to go to the funeral, where he meets Estela again. Over time, his wealth and position change him, and he stills continue shaming of Joe and Biddy who is Joes new wife and he doesn’t’ want to know anything of them. He thinks that the association with them will affect on his relationship with Estella, who still remains a powerful factor in his life. Even that she warns him that she can’t love him, Pip persists in his love for her. One stormy night, Pip, who already has 23 years old, discovers that his benefactor is Abel Magwitch, the convict of long ago and not Miss Havisham. Although Pip is ashamed of Magwitch, is grateful and loyal, and intends to protect him of the police who are looking for him. Herbert and Pip tried to help to escape Abel, but when they were about to do it, Abel is wounded and captured. Abel dies, but, before this Pip discovers that Estella is Abel’s daughter. During this time, Estella married Pips enemy, Bently Drummle. Mrs. Havisham dies, but not before she regrets everything that she had done to Pip, and in return she leaves part of her heritage to Herbert before she died. The story ends when Pip meets Estela after many years and told him that she had left Drummle. She and Pip said goodbye as friends and it seems that there’s a hope that he and Estella will finally end up together. This is a story that I really enjoyed to read, even at first I thought it would be a boring story, this one was involving myself and becoming more interesting chapter after chapter. I’ve never read a love story like this one, the relationship between Pip and Estella comes alive from the very beginning, even that she never were interested in him, she always were his motive to succeed and become a gentleman. This story has many moments that stand out like the comics ones as well as the moments of suspense, passion or realization. I’m really sure that you will enjoy reading this book, I sincerely recommend you to read it.

Ethics and Sustainability for Mass Media -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Sustainability for Mass Media. Answer: Introduction Mass media is an industry which helps the organization to communicate to the audience on a whole. It is a diversified form of technologies which helps in interacting with large number of people at a time. Mass media includes radio, television, digital media, print media etc. Further it should be noted that mass media is an important way through which companies communicate with people (Macnamara, Lwin, Adi, and Zerfass, 2016). So, ethics is an important part of this industry as companies present in this industry needs to comply with rule in order to circulate information to public. The purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview about the ethical issues connect with the mass media industry and impact of activities of different stakeholders in the industry. Further it also talks about the alternative solutions which should be considered while solving an issue. More details about the task are discussed below: Ethical issues in mass media industry Paid news and Clickbaits: Now days, different organizations and people pay a handsome amount to media channels and newspapers to publish information about them in the market. This creates value identification of these people which make them famous and helps them in earning money as well. This is poor technique to present information in the environment; also it is an unethical measure to promote some immaterial information among people. The organizations circulate uncensored information which hampers the image of people and adversely affect the environment as well. The information shared in media should be pure and it should not harm the goodwill of any person (Kamenova, Ravitsky, McMullin, and Caulfield, 2016). Like, Columbia Journalism Review highlighted the online magine Slant that pays $100 per month, plus $5 for every 500 clicks on their stories (Frampton 2015). Plagiarism: No organization in the media industry should copy the information from other competitors. This act is being done in the industry with an aim to defame the name of other organization. Plagiarism is an unethical act which should be prevented by all organization present in the environment. One such example is of News Corp Australia when they accused Daily Mail for copying the news about the best dress a woman can own. Corrupted content: the only source to get information in the society is through mass media, so if the organizations present in this tamper the information and present it to people then it can harm the interest of many people. As discussed above, the information circulated should be pure, corrupted information can change the mindset of people which create a loss for the parties involved in the news as the US election fake news become a big issue for involved parties. Also nowadays organizations make poor coverage of important issues which diverts the focus of people from the core issue (Neill, and Weaver 2017). Profits are the main focus: Profits has become the main focus of organization in this industry. Companies spread information in the market with a motive to earn money not to tell people about the issue. Serving people and telling truth should be the foremost motive of companies in the industry. Every other organization can become an example under this case as all organization do so. Impact on different stakeholders in mass media industry Newsmaker: The newsmaker or journalists are the most important stakeholder present in the industry as they create information which is being shared with the people worldwide. If the journalists while making information include their point of view then it might change the whole information, so it important for newsmaker to be unbiased while creating information. Also the source through which the information is received to the journalists should be reliable (Eagle, Bird, Spotswood, and Tapp 2015). Like, newsmakers get influenced with the fake information received from social media which further distracts general public. Media scholars: These are those people who train employees to become a journalist and create news. These people should adequately teach the employees the correct ways and ethical code of conduct which should be followed while creating news stories. Social media has become a famous tool to spread news, so the bloggers and agencies should spread authentic information in the market. Media Owners: People read news by brands, the brand which is renowned in environment, people only look read news written by them and believe they are authentic. The not-so-famous newspapers and websites are not read by people and even after reading it they do not rely on them. So, it is important for the media owners to lay a strict control on their employees so that they do not share unauthentic information (Moor 2017). Tampered news under this case may make media owners to face legal penalties like Daily Mail was being warned. Media Users: These are those people who use media to attain resourceful information. The whole industry works according to the preference of these people. People search for information which they want to see, so the information shared in the market is based on the discretion of media users (Christians, et. al., 2015). Through corrupted content media users get negatively influenced which affects them mentally as well. Different alternatives for addressing the issue The censor board should prior focus on the content which is being displayed to the audience is true or not. They should take proactive measures to solve the ethics related to the case. Also they should secure the information and at the same time spread news which is important for the society. The transparency International 2016 also stated that there is lack of transparency in the professional standards and work. The government should take the charge to impose heavy penalty on media organizations which circulate wrong message in the environment. The organizations should be liable to civil code of conduct (Paxson 2018). Companies present in the industry should themselves take the charge to provide authentic and resourceful information which should not harm the interest of any person. Also they should not leak any price sensitive information without their permission. No company should own the whole media industry as well. Manipulation of media practices should be controlled and people should not trust the news with closed eyes. The media users should always look for the source from when news is received to them. The sources should be authentic (Poutanen, Luoma-Aho, and Suhanko 2016). Like the HSBC fraud on Britains newspaper, so people should trust with blind eyes. Conclusion and Recommendation Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events it should be noted that mass media is important industry which can affect the working of many other industries. It is important that the people present in this industry should formulate the ethical code of conduct in order to provide authentic and resourceful information to the consumers. Awareness among public is the best way to stop the media manipulation and other unethical activities. As consumers are the king pin of this market so the companies show information which is viewed by them. So, if people do not use the information which has an unauthentic source then the organizations will automatically stop using unethical activities. Further, the censor board and government of every country should also look after the information which in being circulated is ethical or not (Hanson 2016). The censor board should monitor the information and the government should monitor the activities of company present in the environment, the government should also issue notice regarding the ethics in industry. (Bivins 2017). This is the best techniques to the unethical practices present in the market. If all the stakeholders present in the industry take it as their responsibility to circulate use ethical source to view authentic information, then these practices will end soon. References Bivins, T., 2017.Mixed media: Moral distinctions in advertising, public relations, and journalism. Routledge. Christians, C.G., Fackler, M., Richardson, K., Kreshel, P. and Woods, R.H., 2015.Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning. Routledge. Eagle, L., Bird, S., Spotswood, F. and Tapp, A., 2015. Ethical Dimensions of Social Marketing Does Trying to do Good Equate to Doing No Harm?. InMarketing in Transition: Scarcity, Globalism, Sustainability(pp. 431-436). Springer, Cham. Frampton, B., 2015. ClickBait: the changing face of online journalism [online]. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-34213693. Accessed on March 24, 2018. Hanson, R.E., 2016.Mass communication: Living in a media world. Sage Publications. Kamenova, K., Ravitsky, V., McMullin, S. and Caulfield, T., 2016. Media portrayal of non-invasive prenatal testing: a missing ethical dimension.JCOM,15(02), p.A03. Macnamara, J., Lwin, M., Adi, A. and Zerfass, A., 2016. PESOmedia strategy shifts to SOEP: Opportunities and ethical dilemmas. Public Relations Review, 42(3), pp.377-385. Moor, L., 2017. Spreadable media: creating value and meaning in a networked culture. Neill, M.S. and Weaver, N., 2017. Silent unprepared: Most millennial practitioners have not embraced role as ethical conscience.Public Relations Review,43(2), pp.337-344. Paxson, P., 2018.Mass communications and media studies: An introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. Poutanen, P., Luoma-Aho, V. and Suhanko, E., 2016. Ethical challenges of hybrid editors.International Journal on Media Management,18(2), pp.99-116. Transparency International, 2016. Anti-Corruption Helpdesk [online]. Available at https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Good_practices_in_media_transparency_2016.pdf Accessed on March 24, 2018.